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Luhansk Oblast

Coordinates: 48°55′N 39°01′E / 48.92°N 39.02°E / 48.92; 39.02
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This article is about the Ukrainian oblast. For the disputed Russian entity, see Luhansk People's Republic.

Luhansk Oblast
Луганська область
Oblast[a]
Sunset in Luhansk
Sunset in Luhansk
Flag_of_Luhansk_Oblast.svg
Flag
Coat of arms of Luhansk Oblast
Coat of arms
Nickname(s): 
Eastern gate of Ukraine,[1][2] dawn of Ukraine,[3][4][5] Луганщина (Luhanshchyna), Лугань (Luhan)
Coordinates: 48°55′N 39°01′E / 48.92°N 39.02°E / 48.92; 39.02
CountryUkraine
Established3 June 1938
Administrative centerLuhansk (de jure)
Sievierodonetsk (de facto, 2014–2022)
Government
 • GovernorArtem Lysohor[b]
 • Oblast council124 seats
Area
 • Total
26,684 km2 (10,303 sq mi)
Population
 (2022)[6]
 • Total
Decrease 2,102,921
 • RankRanked 7th
GDP
[7]
 • Total₴ 52 billion
(€1.4 billion)
 • Per capita₴ 24,684
(€639)
Time zoneUTC+2 (EET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+3 (EEST)
Postal code
91–94
Area code+380-64
ISO 3166 codeUA-09
Vehicle registrationBB
Raions18
Cities (total)37
• Regional cities14
Urban-type settlements109
Villages792
HDI (2022)0.741[8]
high
FIPS 10-4UP14
Websiteloga.gov.ua

Luhansk Oblast (Ukrainian: Луганська область, romanized: Luhanska oblast; Russian: Луганская область, romanized: Luganskaya oblast), also referred to as Luhanshchyna (Луганщина), is the easternmost oblast (province) of Ukraine. Its administrative center is the city of Luhansk. The oblast was established in 1938 and bore the name Voroshilovgrad Oblast until 1958 and again from 1970 to 1991.[9] It has a population of 2,102,921 (2022 estimate).[6]

Important cities in Luhansk Oblast include Alchevsk, Antratsyt, Brianka, Kadiivka, Kirovsk, Krasnodon, Khrustalnyi, Luhansk, Lysychansk, Pervomaisk, Rovenky, Rubizhne, Sievierodonetsk and Sverdlovsk. All of the oblast is in the Donbas region.

In 2014, large parts of the oblast, including the capital Luhansk, came under the control of Russian-backed separatists who declared the Luhansk People's Republic, leading to a war against Ukrainian government forces. Since the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, the oblast has come almost entirely under Russian occupation and has been the scene of heavy fighting, which continues in some places. In late September 2022, Russia declared the annexation of the entire oblast, along with three others, though the annexation remains internationally unrecognized. As of September 2024, Ukraine is in control of 1.5% of the region,[10] including a few settlements, such as Hrekivka and Nadiia.[11] These areas continue to see active conflict.[12][13]

Geography

A topographic map of the oblast

Luhansk Oblast is in far eastern Ukraine. Its north–south length is 250 km, and east–west width 190 km. It covers an area of 26,700 km2, 4.42% of the total area of Ukraine.

The oblast has the longest segment of Ukraine's international border with Russia among other regions (see State Border of Ukraine), consisting of 746 km (464 mi). The abutting Russian oblasts are Belgorod Oblast to the north, Voronezh Oblast to the northeast, Rostov Oblast to the east. Abutting Ukrainian oblasts are Kharkiv Oblast to the west, and Donetsk Oblast to the south.

The region is located in the valley of the Siversky Donets river, which flows west to east through the oblast and splits it approximately in half. The southern portion of the region is elevated by the Donetsk Ridge, which is close to the southern border. The highest point is Mohyla Mechetna (367 m (1,204 ft)), the highest point of Donetsk Ridge. The left bank of the Siversky Donets is part of the Starobilsk Plain. To the north this transforms into the Central Russian Upland.

History

The territory was formerly part of the Wild Fields, and former administrative units in the territory of the current oblast included Sloboda Ukraine, Slavo-Serbia, Yekaterinoslav Governorate, Donets Governorate and Donetsk Oblast.

Soviet Ukraine (1938–1991)

See also: Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic
A monument to Don Cossacks in Luhansk. "To the sons of glory and freedom", 2012

The oblast originated in 1938 as Voroshylovhrad (Russian: Voroshilovgrad) Oblast (Ukrainian: Ворошиловградська область, romanized: Voroshylovhradska oblast) after the Donetsk Oblast was split between Voroshylovhrad and Stalino (today Donetsk Oblast) oblasts. Following the Soviet invasion of Poland, Starobilsk was the location of a prisoner of war camp for Poles, who were then massacred in the Katyn massacre in 1940. After the invasion by Nazi Germany in 1941, the region came under a German military administration, due to its proximity to frontlines. It was occupied at the end of 1942 as part of Case Blue German offensive directed towards Stalingrad.

Soon after the battle of Stalingrad, the Luhansk (at that time Voroshilovgrad in honor of Kliment Voroshilov) region again became the center of military operations during the Soviet counter-offensive operation Little Saturn in the spring of 1943. In the summer of 1943, the region was liberated from the Nazi Germany Armed Forces. During the Soviet era, the Oblast bore its current name between 1958 and 1970.

In the December 1991 referendum, 83.86% of votes in the oblast were in favor of the Declaration of Independence of Ukraine.

Independent Ukraine (1991–2014)

Pro-Russian insurgency (2014–2022)

See also: Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine

On 8 April 2014, following the annexation of Crimea by Russia, pro-Russian separatists occupying the Luhansk Oblast administrative building planned to declare the independence of the region as the Luhansk Parliamentary Republic,[clarification needed] after other pro-Russian separatists declared Donetsk People's Republic in the Donetsk Oblast (7 April 2014). When the Luhansk Parliamentary Republic ceased to exist, the separatists declared the Luhansk People's Republic on 27 April 2014. They held a disputed referendum on separating from Ukraine on 11 May 2014. The legitimacy of the referendums was not recognized by any government.[14] Ukraine does not recognize the referendum, while the EU and US said the polls were illegal and fraudulent.[15] Subsequently, the war in Donbas began.

As a result of the war in Donbas, Luhansk insurgents control the southern third of the oblast, which includes the city of Luhansk, the region's most populous city and the capital of the oblast. Due to this, most oblast government functions have moved to Sievierodonetsk, which forces of the Government of Ukraine recaptured in July 2014. Many universities located in the occupied areas have moved to government-controlled cities such as Sievierodonetsk, Starobilsk or Rubizhne.[16][17] A survey conducted in December 2014 by the Kyiv International Institute of Sociology found that 5.7% of the oblast's population supported their region joining Russia, 84.1% did not support the idea, and the rest were undecided or did not respond. Insurgent-controlled areas were not polled.[18]

Russian occupation (2022–present)

Further information: Battle of Donbas (2022) and Luhansk Oblast campaign

During the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Russian ground forces entered the occupied territory of Luhansk Oblast by crossing the Russian border on 22 February 2022. They invaded government-controlled territory across the line of contact and the Russian border on 24 February. As of 26 May 2022 they had occupied all but 5% of the region.[19]

During the mid-2022 battle of Donbas, Russian troops attacked and eventually captured the cities of Sieverodonetsk and Lysychansk during May and June 2022 in two of the most significant and most intense battles of the Eastern Ukraine offensive. By 3 July 2022, Russian and allied troops controlled all cities in the oblast.[citation needed] On 4–5 July 2022, during the international Ukraine Recovery Conference (URC 2022) in Lugano, Finland, Sweden, and the Czech Republic pledged to support the postwar rebuilding of the Luhansk region.[20] On 11 September 2022, there were unconfirmed reports that Bilohorivka near Lysychansk, was recaptured. On 19 September 2022, Ukrainian forces confirmed this.[citation needed]

In late September 2022, an annexation referendum was held in Luhansk on joining the Russian Federation, although Ukraine along with the United Nations and most observers declared the referendum to be illegitimate and fraudulent.[21] Following the staged victory in the voting, the region and the so-called Luhansk People's Republic were absorbed into Russia.[22] The United Nations General Assembly subsequently passed a resolution calling on countries not to recognise what it described as an "attempted illegal annexation" and demanded that Russia "immediately, completely and unconditionally withdraw".[23]

As of 5 October 2022, nearly all of the oblast is occupied by Russia, which claims the oblast as the Luhansk People's Republic (LPR), a self-declared state turned Russian federal subject. The war in Donbas and the subsequent 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine saw heavy fighting in the oblast, with Sievierodonetsk captured in June by Russian and LPR forces[24] after an assault lasting several weeks,[25][26] and the oblast's last major settlement under Ukrainian control, Lysychansk, captured by Russian and Russia-backed forces on 2 July.[27] The next day, Russia's Minister of Defence announced that the entire territory of the oblast had been "liberated",[28] but three weeks later the governor of the oblast reported heavy fighting was still ongoing.[29] On 4 September, Ukrainian forces launched a counteroffensive in eastern Ukraine and recaptured small parts of Donetsk Oblast and, on 1 October, Lyman. Ukrainian forces also pushed through the stalemate at the Luhansk Oblast border and, most notably, recaptured Bilohirivka while engaging LPR forces in Lysychansk. Since then, there has been continued fighting in the western parts of the region in a renewed Luhansk Oblast campaign.[citation needed]

Administrative subdivisions

Main article: Administrative divisions of Luhansk Oblast
Map No. Name in English Name in Ukrainian Romanization Admin. centre
1 Svatove Raion Сватівський район Svativskyi raion Svatove
2 Starobilsk Raion Старобільський район Starobilskyi raion Starobilsk
3 Sievierodonetsk Raion Сєвєродонецький район Sievierodonetskyi raion Sievierodonetsk
4 Shchastia Raion Щастинський район Shchastynskyi raion
5 Alchevsk Raion Алчевський район Alchevskyi raion Alchevsk
6 Luhansk Raion Луганський район Luhanskyi raion Luhansk
7 Rovenky Raion Ровеньківський район Rovenkivskyi raion Rovenky
8 Dovzhansk Raion Довжанський район Dovzhanskyi raion Dovzhansk (Sverdlovsk)

Like the other provinces of Ukraine, Luhansk Oblast has a double jurisdiction. The oblast is predominantly administrated by the Luhansk Oblast State Administration, headed by the governor of the oblast, who is appointed by the President of Ukraine. The province has a representative body, the provincial council, which is headed by its chairman and elected by popular vote.

The province is primarily divided into 18 raions (districts), and 37 cities, including 14 cities of regional significance. The administrative center is Luhansk. These raions are listed below with their areas and populations.[30]

The province's secondary division consists of various municipalities. Those municipalities may consist of one or more populated places. The municipalities are administratively subordinate to the raion in which they are located, with the exception of 14 cities subordinated directly to the oblast. The city of Luhansk is subdivided into its own four city-districts (boroughs).

All subdivisions are governed by their respective councils (radas).

Further information: List of villages in Luhansk Oblast

Cities

 
 
Largest cities or towns in Luhansk Oblast
Source?
Rank Name Raion Pop.
Luhansk
Luhansk
Alchevsk
Alchevsk 		1 Luhansk Luhansk 425,848 Sievierodonetsk
Sievierodonetsk
Lysychansk
Lysychansk
2 Alchevsk Alchevsk 114,624
3 Sievierodonetsk Sievierodonetsk 121,000
4 Lysychansk Sievierodonetsk 103 459
5 Khrustalnyi Rovenky 82,765
6 Kadiivka Alchevsk 76,492
7 Sverdlovsk Dovzhansk 64,503
8 Rubizhne Sievierodonetsk 63,474
9 Antratsyt Rovenky 54,640
10 Rovenky Rovenky 47,852

Demographics

City Day in Lysychansk, 2010
Map of Russian language speakers, 2001
Historical population
YearPop.±%
19702,750,566—    
19792,786,697+1.3%
19892,862,734+2.7%
20012,546,178−11.1%
20112,291,271−10.0%
20222,102,921−8.2%
Source: [31][32]

The population is largely Russian-speaking, although ethnic Ukrainians constitute a majority (58.0%). Among the minorities are native Russians (39.1%), Belarusians (0.8%), and others (1.4%). Ukrainians constitute the majority in all raions except for Stanytsia-Luhanska Raion and Krasnodon Raion, both of which are east of Luhansk. Ethnic Russians also constitute the majority in regionally significant cities, such as Krasnodon, Sverdlovsk, Khrustalnyi and Kadiivka.

In the 2001 Ukrainian Census, more than 68.8% of the population considered themselves Russian speakers, while 30.0% considered themselves Ukrainian speakers. The Russophone population predominates in the southern portion of the region and around the city of Luhansk, while the northern region is less populated, mostly agricultural and Ukrainophone.

Its population (as of 2004) of 2,461,506 constitutes 5.13% of the overall Ukrainian population. The Luhansk Oblast rates fifth in Ukraine by the number of its inhabitants, having an average population density of 90.28/km2. About 87% of the population lives in urban areas, while the remaining 13% reside in agricultural areas.

Age structure

0–14 years: 12.3% Increase (male 143,272/female 134,803)
15–64 years: 71.4% Decrease (male 768,544/female 838,639)
65 years and over: 16.3% Steady (male 117,782/female 248,914) (2013 official)

Median age

total: 42.1 years Increase
male: 38.2 years Increase
female: 45.9 years Increase (2013 official)

Economy

Economically the region is connected with the Donets Basin.

Extractive industry

  • Lysychansk Coal
  • Luhansk Coal
  • Sverdlov Anthracite
  • Anthracite
  • Pervomaisk Coal
  • Rovenky Anthracite
  • Donbas Anthracite

Machine building

Luhanskteplovoz

Metallurgy

Chemicals and oil refining

Agriculture

The oblast has post industrial sites which run off building material into surrounding land. Yakymchuk 2018 finds feral stands of Triticum aestivum have colonised several of these sites.[33]

Power generation

Transport

Through the region pass two major European routes E50 and E40. There are 24 Russo-Ukrainian international border checkpoints of various entry.

Rail transportation is administered by the Donetsk Railway.

There is also its regional airport Luhansk International Airport with its own carrier.

Education

Specialized

Points of interest

The following sites were nominated for the Seven Wonders of Ukraine.

Notable people

  • Mścichowski Palace (remnants)
    Mścichowski Palace (remnants)
  • Dal's house in Luhansk
    Dal's house in Luhansk
  • Siverskyi Donets near Shepilivka
    Siverskyi Donets near Shepilivka
  • Luhanka River in mist
    Luhanka River in mist
  • Landscape in the Derkulskyi
    Landscape in the Derkulskyi
  • Sievierodonetsk
    Sievierodonetsk
  • Dovzhenka Street in Lysychansk
    Dovzhenka Street in Lysychansk
  • Perevalsk general zoological reserve
    Perevalsk general zoological reserve

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Partially annexed by Russia as Luhansk People's Republic
  2. ^ Governor recognized by Ukraine. The Russian-annexed Luhansk People's Republic, which controls most of Luhansk Oblast, is headed by Leonid Pasechnik.

References

  1. ^ Oda, UA: LG, 2007, archived from the original on 5 August 2008.
  2. ^ Umoloda, Kyiv, UA.
  3. ^ Oda, UA: LG, 1930, archived from the original on 24 May 2011.
  4. ^ "Territory", 70 years, UA: LG, 14 March 2008 [1977], archived from the original on 24 May 2011, retrieved 17 September 2008.
  5. ^ "70 years", Calendar, UA: LG, 11 April 2008, archived from the original on 24 May 2011, retrieved 17 September 2008.
  6. ^ a b Чисельність наявного населення України на 1 січня 2022 [Number of Present Population of Ukraine, as of January 1, 2022] (PDF) (in Ukrainian and English). Kyiv: State Statistics Service of Ukraine. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 July 2022.
  7. ^ "Валовии регіональнии продукт".
  8. ^ "Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab". hdi.globaldatalab.org.
  9. ^ Про внесення змін і доповнень до Конституції (Основного Закону) Української РСР | від 19.06.1991 № 1213а-XII[permanent dead link‍]
  10. ^ "Russia captures Ukrainsk in east Ukraine, state media and war bloggers say". Reuters. 17 September 2024. Russian forces, which have taken about a fifth of Ukraine, control 98.5% of the Luhansk region
  11. ^ "Luhansk region 95% occupied: Regional Military Administration reveals how many people live in the free territory". ТСН.ua. 11 July 2024. Retrieved 23 July 2024.
  12. ^ Lowe, Yohannes; Bayer, Lili; Lowe (now), Yohannes; Bayer (earlier), Lili (20 May 2024). "Russia-Ukraine war live: Ukraine still controls 60% of Vovchansk, says local official". the Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 20 May 2024.
  13. ^ "Russia-Ukraine war live: Ukrainian forces reportedly take control of Piatykhatky – as it happened". The Guardian. 18 June 2023. Retrieved 18 June 2023.
  14. ^ "Ukraine's Eastern Region Of Luhansk May Now Hold Referendum On Joining Russia". Business Insider. Retrieved 12 May 2014.
  15. ^ BBC News 12 May 2014
  16. ^ "In Severodonetsk, Petro Poroshenko presented Luhansk RSA Head Hennadiy Moskal – Official web-site of President of Ukraine". Archived from the original on 18 March 2015. Retrieved 21 January 2015.
  17. ^ "Lugansk University. Location, phone, address, contacts". luganskukraine.info. Archived from the original on 7 August 2016. Retrieved 16 October 2014.
  18. ^ Лише 3% українців хочуть приєднання їх області до Росії [Only 3% of Ukrainians want their region to become part of Russia]. Dzerkalo Tyzhnia (in Ukrainian). 3 January 2015.
  19. ^ "Russian forces have 'upper hand' in Donbas fighting, Ukrainian officials say". the Guardian. 26 May 2022. Retrieved 27 May 2022.
  20. ^ "Провідні країни Європи відбудовуватимуть Україну, – Гайдай". LB.ua. 5 July 2022. Retrieved 11 July 2022.
  21. ^ "So-called referenda in Russian-controlled Ukraine 'cannot be regarded as legal': UN political affairs chief". 27 September 2022.
  22. ^ Trevelyan, Mark (30 September 2022). "Putin signs treaties to annex Ukrainian lands". Reuters. Retrieved 30 September 2022.
  23. ^ "Ukraine: UN General Assembly demands Russia reverse course on 'attempted illegal annexation'". 12 October 2022.
  24. ^ Balmforth, Tom; Djurica, Marko (25 June 2022). "Sievierodonetsk falls to Russia after one of war's bloodiest fights". Reuters. Retrieved 25 June 2022.
  25. ^ "Ukrainian troops told to leave Severodonetsk: governor". PolskieRadio.pl. Retrieved 24 June 2022.
  26. ^ "Ukrainians Retreat From Key Areas Of Eastern Region As Fighting Enters Fifth Month". Radiofreeeurope/Radioliberty. Retrieved 24 June 2022.
  27. ^ "Institute for the Study of War". Institute for the Study of War. Archived from the original on 25 March 2022. Retrieved 3 July 2022.
  28. ^ Balmforth, Tom; Hunder, Max (3 July 2022). "Zelenskiy vows to regain Lysychansk after Ukrainian withdrawal". Reuters. Retrieved 4 July 2022.
  29. ^ Roshchina, Olena (25 July 2022). "Russian forces attempt to advance to Luhansk Oblasts administrative borders from 3 directions but retreated". news.yahoo.com. Retrieved 26 July 2022.
  30. ^ State Statistics Committee of Ukraine, Kyiv.
  31. ^ "Division of Ukraine".
  32. ^ "Ukraine: Provinces and Major Cities".
  33. ^ Kobetičová, Klára; Černý, Robert (2019). "Terrestrial eutrophication of building materials and buildings: An emerging topic in environmental studies". Science of the Total Environment. 689. Elsevier: 1316–1328. Bibcode:2019ScTEn.689.1316K. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.423. ISSN 0048-9697. PMID 31466168. S2CID 198365229.
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